IgA nephropathy is one of the most common primary glomerular diseases worldwide, especially in China and East Asian countries. The pathological manifestation of the disease is characterized by the deposition of IgA immunoglobulins in the kidneys, leading to mesangial proliferation. Clinically, it is prominently manifested by hematuria, often accompanied by varying degrees of proteinuria or hypertension. Most patients exhibit a slow progression of kidney disease, making it the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in young adults, imposing a heavy disease burden on families and society.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of multiple systems and organs, recurrent relapses and remission, and the presence of a large number of autoantibodies. If not treated in time, it will cause irreversible damage to the affected organs, ultimately leading to patient death.